Amla Crop Stage Wise IPM

Pre-Planting

Common cultural practices:

• Timely planting should be done.
• Field sanitation, roguing

• Destroy the alternate host plants

• Apply manures and fertilizers as per soil test recommendations

• Sow the ecological engineering plants

• Sow the intercrops as per the season.

• Sow/plant sorghum/maize/pearl millet in 4 rows all around the crops as a guard/barrier crop.

• Apply 4 tonnes of well decomposed farm yard manure per acre
• Apply 90:120:48 of NPK along with elemental sulphur 10 kg and micro nutrients 10 kg per acre.
• 15 kg of FYM and 0.5 kg of phosphorus should be applied to each pit before planting.

• Regular weeding should be done

Cultural control:

• Deep summer ploughing of fields to control soil borne pathogens and subsequently reduces their initial population build up.

• Soil solarization: Cover the beds with polythene sheet of 45 gauge (0.45 mm) thickness for three weeks before sowing for soil solarization which will help in reducing the soil-borne pests including weeds.

Planting

Common cultural practices:

• Use resistant/tolerant planting material/seedlings
• Follow proper plant spacing
• Use healthy, certified and weed free planting material.

• Application of nitrogen 30 g/tree of each year during September – October up to 10 years.
• The young plants should be given 15-20 kg of well rotten FYM and the mature trees should be given 1 kg of Super Phosphate and 1-1.5kg of muriate of potash
• The above fertilizers should be given in two split doses to mature, bearing tree, once during September-October and during April-May.

• After setting of the fruits the plants needs to be irrigated after fertilizer application.

• Same as in pre planting stage

• Same as in pre planting stage

Vegetative stage

Common cultural practices:

• Collect and destroy crop debris
• Provide irrigation at the critical stages of the crop
• Avoid water logging
• Avoid water stress during flowering stage
• Follow judicious use of fertilizers
• Enhance parasitic activity by avoiding chemical pesticide spray, when 1-2 larval parasitoids are observed in the crops field.

Common mechanical practices:

• Collect and destroy disease infected and insect infested plant parts.
• Collect and destroy eggs and early stage larvae
• Handpick the older larvae during early stages
• Hand pick the gregarious caterpillars and cocoons which are found on stem/branches and destroy them in kerosene mixed water.
• Use yellow sticky traps @ 4-5 trap/acre
• Use light trap @ 1/acre and operate between 6 pm and 10 pm
• Install pheromone traps @ 4-5/acre for monitoring adult moths activity (replace the lures with fresh lures after every 2-3 weeks)
• Erecting of bird perches @ 20/acre for encouraging predatory birds such as King crow, common mynah etc.
• Set up bonfire during evening hours at 7-8 pm
• Common biological practices:

• Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering

• Augmentative release of natural enemies

Cultural control:

• Adopt training and pruning to discourage overcrowding of branches.

• Galled shoots should be pruned and destroyed along with the pest after harvest

Cultural control:

• Clipping off and destruction of affected leaf and shoot.
• Collect and destroy alternate weed hosts.
• Eract yellow pan traps @ 4-5 trap/acre
• Biological control:
• Scymnus, Chilomens sexmaculatus, Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi and other coccinellids, Predatory mantids, green lace wings, ladybird beetles and parasitic wasps

Cultural control

• Follow clean cultivation and maintenance of health and vigour of the tree.

• Prune affected parts and destroy them at early stages of infestation.
• Early detection of mealy bugs - presence of ants - indicator
• Cutting of infested twigs and leaves and burying them

Biological control:

• Field release of green lace wing Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi
• Several species of ladybird beetles such as Chilocorus sp. and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri are efficient predator.

Cultural control:

• Clean cultivation and maintenance of health and vigour of the tree should be followed.
• Infested fruits should be identified, collected and destroyed to prevent further spread of infestation.

Mechanical control:

• Remove weeds of compositae family
• Detect early infestation by periodically looking for drying branches.

Biological control:

• Release of Trichogramma chilonis @ 1.0 lakhs/ acre four times at 10 days interval.

• Clipping of and destruction of infested leaves.
• Avoid water stress and water log conditions.
• Avoid planting in low land areas.

Mechanical control:

• Remove the puparia bearing leaves and immediately disposing by burning or burying to prevent emergence of adult white flies
• Use yellow sticky traps.

Biological control:

• Release parasitoids Encarsia sp, Eretmocerus sp.

• Release predators Dicyphus hesperus (mirid bug), dragonfly, spider, robber fly, praying mantis, fire ants, coccinellids, lace wings, big eyed bugs (Geocoris spp.) etc

• Avoid pruning live branches more than once a year, so that the cycles of flushing are uniform and short.
• Do not apply nitrogen fertilizer at the times of the year when leaf miner populations are high and flush growth will be severely damaged..

• Set up yellow pan water trap/sticky traps 15 cm above the canopy for monitoring and management of leaf minor @ 8-10 traps/acre.

Biological control:

• Release natural enemies wasp like Pnigalio spp and Closterocerus spp.

• Cultural control:

Cultural control:

• Grow tolerant/resistant cultivars like Banarasi and Chakaiya.

• Maintain proper plant distance and aeration by training and pruning.

• Severely infected plant parts should be pruned and destroyed

Flowering and fruiting stages

Common cultural practices:

• Same as in vegetative stage.

Common mechanical practices:

• Same as in vegetative stage

Common biological practices:

• Same as in vegetative stage

• Same as indicated during planting stage.

• Same as indicated during pre planting stage

• Same as indicated during vegetative stage

• Same as indicated during vegetative stage

• Same as indicated during vegetative stage

• Collect and destroy the infested plant parts along with the larva.

Biological control:

• Release or increase population of biocontrol agents like Charops obtusus Morley, Rhogas spp., Apanteles hyposidrae Wilkinson, Euplectrus maternus

• Same as indicated during vegetative stage

• Same as indicated during vegetative stage

Cultural control:

• Prune and destroy pruned cuttings and debris by burning, burying, or ploughing them into the soil.

• Avoid injury to fruits.

Post harvest

Mechanical control:

• Remove and destroy all the affected fruits to reduce, the incidence of Anar butterfly.